There are different variants of Linux in the market like RedHat, Debian, CentOS, Ubuntu, Mandrake, Suse and a Linux beginner often ponder why they call Linux distributions by various names. The kernel or the heart of all the distributions is Linux and in bringing it to different market usage different community or vendors have adopted the kernel to serve that purpose.
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Archive for the ‘Linux Server’ Category
Jun
05
2010
Beginner: Why there are many Linux Distributions?
Last updated: July 31st, 2010
May
16
2010
Asterisk for Beginner: IAX Server configuration settings
Last updated: May 17th, 2010In the first article on Asterisk, we have seen the Asterisk installation steps and on the environment setup. In this article, we have give the configuration settings for two files iax.conf and extensions.conf which will be used to direct/receive calls from/to iax2 soft clients
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May
10
2010
ASTERISK Configuration: for beginners
Last updated: May 13th, 2010This will be a simple step by step tutorial to help beginners catch up with ASTERISK – an open source tool for voice communication. It is a software installation of PBX connecting even the PSTN and VOIP networks.
Originally developed for Linux, Asterisk now runs on a variety of operating systems including Solaris, Windows and MacOS.
Environment setup
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Apr
27
2010
Linux: Check log, user login, system reboot
Last updated: April 27th, 2010To display messages from the log
$ cat /var/log/messages | more
To show users who are logged in to the system
$ who
To show the list of users who have logged in last
$ last
To show the list of all reboots
$ last reboot
To print the content of the last login log from /var/log/lastlog
$ lastlog
Mar
24
2010
Linux: Securing Apache
Last updated: March 24th, 2010Run the below command to check what user and group apache is running as, by typing
$ ps auwfx | grep apache2
root 28937 0.0 0.1 3004 756 pts/0 S+ 12:35 0:00 | \_ grep apache2
root 25235 0.0 2.5 37744 12992 ? Ss Mar18 0:06 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
www-data 27102 0.0 1.3 38252 6972 ? S Mar21 0:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
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Dec
27
2009
Linux: Determining IP information for eth0… failed
Last updated: December 27th, 2009When setting up a workstation to connect to internet, you may come across a message
Determining IP information for eth0… failed
The above error message basically means that eth0 i.e your network interface card is not setup correctly.
Some of the commands that can come handy in troubleshooting where the error lies are listed below
$ dmesg | grep eth0
(displays information about the ethernet controller card, mac address etc.)
$ cat /etc/sysconfig/network(displays the network settings)
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=localhost.localdomain
GATEWAY=192.168.122.1
$ cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfp-eth0
$ ifconfig eth0 down (to down the nic)
$ ifconfig eth0 up (to start the nic)
$ netstat -rn (display kernel routing IP table)
$ cat ifcfg-eth0 (eth0 configuration settings)
DEVICE=eth0
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
HWADDR=00:16:18:33:B3:CF
ONBOOT=yes
$ service network restart (restart the network settings)
$ ping -c4 google.ca(to check if the internet connection works)
$ traceroute google.ca (to check how the IP navigation path is set)
Refer Red Hat linux 5 configure network article for additional info
Dec
05
2009
Virtual World: with VMWare Player
Last updated: December 4th, 2009VMWare Player is a free software available from VMWare Inc. enabling the creation
of guest OS within an existing OS
Notes for a beginner …
* VMWare Player and VMWare Server are available for free
* A .vmdk file is the virtual hard drive for the guest OS
* A .nvram file stores the BIOS settings of the virtual machine
* A .vmx file stores the configuration settings for the virtual machine. All you
need is a text editor to edit the VMWare configuration settings.
* A .vmsd file stores information about VMWare snapshots.
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Aug
29
2009
Linux: which vs. whereis command difference
Last updated: September 3rd, 2009Difference between which command and whereis command in Linux
For e.g. lets find where “samba” is located in a CentOS server
$ which samba
which command searches the list of programs listed down through the PATH settings
$ whereis samba
whereis command also searches for programs that are not present in the PATH setting
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